Therapy Promotes Venous Thromboembolism Through The...

Antiangiogeneic therapy promotes venous thromboembolism through the induction of PAI-1 in a mouse xenograft model of human lung carcinoma Ni Chen1*, Meiping Ren1*, Rong Li1, Xin Deng1, Yongjie Li1, Kai Yan1, Lamei Xiao1 , Yan Yang1, Liqun Wang 1, Mao Luo 1, William P. Fay 2, Jianbo Wu1,2 1Drug Discovery Research Center, Luzhou, Sichuan, People s Republic of China; 2Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA Corresponding author: Jianbo Wu, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri, 5 Hospital Drive, CE344–DC095.00, Columbia, Missouri 65212. Email: wuji@missouri.edu, Phone: 573-884-4040, Fax: (573) 884-7743. * These authors contributed equally to this work. Key Points †¢ Bevacizumab promotes VTE through the induction of PAI-1 in a mouse xenograft model of human lung carcinoma †¢ Treatment with a PAI-1 inhibitor reduces bevacizumab-induced VTE. Abstract Thromboembolism is a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. An increased incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is associated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment in cancer. However, the mechanism of VTE initiation remains elusive. In this study, we examined the effect of bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against VEGF-A, on either an inferior vena cava stenosis or saphenous vein model in a xenograft mouse model. We found that treatment with bevacizumab accelerated

Spooky Scenes from Classic Literature

If you need inspiration for this years Halloween reading selections, look no further than these eerie teases from classic literature.   â€Å"A Rose for Emily† (1930) by William Faulkner â€Å"Already we knew that there was one room in that region above stairs which no one had seen in forty years, and which would have to be forced. They waited until Miss Emily was decently in the ground before they opened it. The violence of breaking down the door seemed to fill this room with pervading dust. A thin, acrid pall as of the tomb seemed to lie everywhere upon this room decked and furnished as for a bridal: upon the valance curtains of faded rose color, upon the rose-shaded lights, upon the dressing table, upon the delicate array of crystal and the mans toilet things backed with tarnished silver, silver so tarnished that the monogram was obscured. Among them lay a collar and tie, as if they had just been removed, which, lifted, left upon the surface a pale crescent in the dust. Upon a chair hung the suit, carefully folded; beneath it the two mute shoes and the discarded socks.† â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† (1843) by Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"It is impossible to say how first the idea entered my brain; but once conceived, it haunted me day and night. Object there was none. Passion there was none. I loved the old man. He had never wronged me. He had never given me insult. For his gold I had no desire. I think it was his eye! yes, it was this! He had the eye of a vulture --a pale blue eye, with a film over it. Whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold; and so by degrees --very gradually --I made up my mind to take the life of the old man, and thus rid myself of the eye forever.† The Haunting of Hill House (1959) by Shirley Jackson â€Å"No live organism can continue for long to exist sanely under conditions of absolute reality; even larks and katydids are supposed, by some, to dream. Hill House, not sane, stood by itself against its hills, holding darkness within; it had stood so for eighty years and might stand for eighty more. Within, walls continued upright, bricks met neatly, floors were firm, and doors were sensibly shut; silence lay steadily against the wood and stone of Hill House, and whatever walked there, walked alone.† The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820) by Washington Irving On mounting a rising ground, which brought the figure of his fellow-traveller in relief against the sky, gigantic in height, and muffled in a cloak, Ichabod was horror-struck on perceiving that he was headless!--but his horror was still more increased on observing that the head, which should have rested on his shoulders, was carried before him on the pommel of his saddle! (1898) by Henry James â€Å"It was as if, while I took in – what I did take in – all the rest of the scene had been stricken with death. I can hear again, as I write, the intense hush in which the sounds of evening dropped. The rooks stopped cawing in the golden sky, and the friendly hour lost, for the minute, all its voice. But there was no other change in nature, unless indeed it were a change that I saw with a stranger sharpness. The gold was still in the sky, the clearness in the air, and the man who looked at me over the battlements was as definite as a picture in a frame. Thats how I thought, with extraordinary quickness, of each person that he might have been and that he was not. We were confronted across our distance quite long enough for me to ask myself with intensity who then he was and to feel, as an effect of my inability to say, a wonder that in a few instants more became intense.† (1838) by Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"A sullen darkness now hovered above us- but from out the milky depths of the ocean a luminous glare arose, and stole up along the bulwarks of the boat. We were nearly overwhelmed by the white ashy shower which settled upon us and upon the canoe, but melted into the water as it fell. The summit of the cataract was utterly lost in the dimness and the distance. Yet we were evidently approaching it with a hideous velocity. At intervals there were visible in it wide, yawning, but momentary rents, and from out these rents, within which was a chaos of flitting and indistinct images, there came rushing and mighty, but soundless winds, tearing up the enkindled ocean in their course.†

The Discovery Of African Slavery - 1984 Words

Slavery has been a controversial topic especially in the U.S due to the attachment that the country has on this matter. Over the cause of history, different group of people have been associate with this practice where by in most cases the weak communities are the one that are subjected to the slavery. The early centauries were particularly characterized with kingdoms attacking other smaller kingdoms and capturing prisoners who they later used as slaves in their own kingdoms (Blassingame 1979). The bible also have stories about slavery which proves that it was quite a normal practice for many years. Perhaps the most documented and exploited tale under this category is slavery in America which last for a number of centauries and so millions†¦show more content†¦Factors that lead to the spread of slavery Developmental factors played an important role in the spread of slavery since more and more people were shipped to the U.S in order to provide free labor. This meant that the country could expand its economic on the expense of the labor provided by the black slaves. As a result, slave grew tremendously in the U.S especially in the south since the farmers in that area need cheap labor to work on their farms. Other ideologies that lead to the spread of slavery include the belief that Africans were inferior to white. The white people therefore viewed slavery as a way for them to liberate the black people. Many conservative white people shared the view that by offering black people odd job and a chance to live among white people they could also be civilized as them (Blassingame 1979). Significance of slavery in the U.S Slavery spread immensely in the U.S than it did in Europe since America had a bigger market for slaves and Europe did not require cheap labor since it already had indigenous white labor. Slavery was therefore very significant in the U.S since not only did America have the highest number of slave supplies, slavery also lead to the Civil war which was the bloodiest was ever fought in the U.S. the civil war was triggered by the drift between the north region and

Alex Wen. Ms. Mendola. Ap Language And Composition. 9 January

Alex Wen Ms. Mendola AP Language and Composition 9 January 2017 The Battle of Transgender Equality Everyone is given a gender the moment they are born. At birth they are either one of two genders: masculine or feminine. This gender everyone is assigned affects many of our day to day actions and our looks. However some people may evolve differently as they grow up and may not fit the rigid boundaries set for the sex they were assigned at birth. In recent years there has been a boom in a third considered gender: the transgender population. However with the boom comes the argument of to what extent should transgender people be protected by the government. Throughout the existence of transgender people, the rights of transgenders have been†¦show more content†¦This is in direct correlation with the increased probability of mental illnesses in the transgender population. Traditional views certainly do not help as many transgender citizens are told they are â€Å"sick† because of their difference with many religious and personal beliefs. A study from Boston published ear lier this year in the Journal of Adolescent Health, reported that transsexual youth had two to three times increased risk of psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety disorder, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, self-harm without lethal intent, and both inpatient and outpatient mental health treatment. These statistics show the clear consequences of mental health transgenders are facing if transgender rights continues to be unregulated. It is essential that the federal government steps in to take action in order to make sure things do not continue on this downwards path. Some citizens support the idea of laws and rules being passed in support of transgenders rights, but they believe that the federal government does not need to be involved. They believe that schools, institutions, and the workplace can regulate themselves. Although America is showing progress towards transgender equality, there are still many who refuse to acknowledge

Report on Mental Health Nursing Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Report on Mental Health Nursing. Answer: The Mental Health Services is a report that was published on the Australian website to provide a glimpse of the annual report of the main statistics as well as related information regarding mental health services. The report incorporates updates made to the Australian platform over the duration of one year to November 2014. According to the report, the common mental disorders or illnesses are drug or substance abuse, anxiety and depression while those less common are bipolar and schizoaffective disorders as well as schizophrenia. Statistically, the report shows that about 46% of Australians from teenagers to the elderly experienced some kind of mental illness at some point in their life time, and about 20% experienced a common mental illness in the previous one year, that is 2006. Of such, anxiety disorders were very common affecting over 14% of the Australian population, followed by affective disorder with 6.2 % and lastly were substance use disorder with about 5.0%. Also, the repor t shows that the occurrence of these disorders was common in females compared to their male counterparts in all ages. Regarding more serious mental illnesses like psychotic disorders, a survey done in 2010 showed that 0.45% of the people living with this condition sought treatment annually from mental health services in the public sector. The impact of mental illness from the report indicates that up to 3% of Australians have serious mental disorders while 4 to 6% have moderate disorders and further 10 to 12% have mild disorders. Ideally, in 2011, the author states that mental illness was the primary cause of over 750 deaths. Statistics show that mental plus behavioural disorders are the primary drivers of disability and according to the report, it was estimated that mental behaviour and disorders were responsible for the 12% of the burden of diseases in Canada in 2003. The report also shows that the state and territory government provides health care services to people with mental illnesses by providing more facilities and healthcare providers to deal with the psychotic illnesses and mental behaviour. A report by the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing show that the population treatment of people with psychotic and mental illness was about 35% where of these; 23%, 38% and 71% consulted a psychiatrist, a psychologist and a general practitioner in that order. According to the report, recent evidence shows that the low treatment rates found in 2007 have tremendously increased due to the inclusion of government subsidized mental health medications items to the Medicare benefits schedule in late 2006. Australians with mental illnesses benefit from mental health care services provided by healthcare experts in different care settings which have seen the number of psychiatric disorders decline in the country in the recent past. Specialized menta l health care is provided in different health care facilities and the services types ranges from public hospitals, residential and community or private psychiatric centres. In these facilities, the service type differs significantly with the number of beds provided for the patients. Results from the report show that in 2011 to 2012, the Australian recurrent expenditure on services related to mental health was $7.0 billion where over $4.0 billion was used on state/territory specialized mental health services. Regarding the mental health care services plus support, it was estimated that there were over sixteen million mental related GP encounters in Australia in the financial year 2012/2013. In the same year, the GP provided over 2.3 million Medicare benefits schedule mental health services to over 1.3 million Australian patients. The report finds that psychologists provided over 3.4 million Medicare benefits subsidized mental health services to almost 850, 000 patients across Australia in the year 2012/2013. Regarding the mental health-related treatment, there were almost 30 million prescriptions distributed for mental health treatments in the year 2012/2013. Statistically, 85 % of these prescriptions were provided by GP, 7% by psychiatrists and 8 % by non-psychi atrists. Regarding the expenditure, about $7.2 billion was spent on mental health-related services in the country in the year 2011/2012, where $0.851 billion went to the Medicare subsidized mental health related while $0.854 billion went to the mental health-related prescriptions. Regarding the governance and expenditure, over $4.4 billion was spent on territory and state mental health services, while $ 0.333 million on specialized mental health services private health centres. According to the report, about 13.5% of the community health care were recorded to have received an involuntary mental health care in the year 2011/2012, and they included people with schizoaffective as well as schizophrenia disorders. The report also states that clients admitted to the mental health care centres might have experienced restrictive practices like seclusion with the aim of protecting clients as well as others from imminent dangers. Finally, the report states that there were 9.6 seclusions per 1 000 bed i n public acute mental health care centres in 2012/2013. References Kreisfeld, R., Harrison, J. E., Pointer, S. C. (2014). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.

Christianity and the Modern Music Industry free essay sample

Christians have warily accepted secular music when artists have incorporated Christian themes and imagery. A song written by Pete Seeker paraphrasing Ecclesiastic 3 Turn, Turn, Turn (1965), is a perfect example of this union. In this paper, will explore the relationship between Christianity and the modern music industry. It is not my view that the Gospel should cause all the arts to be struck down and disappear; on the contrary, I should like to see all the arts and especially music, used in the service of Him who gave and created them (Martin utter). Emergence of Rock and RollIn his book history of popular music and the emergence of rock and roll, Philip Nines begins with a metaphor depicting children playing a game of rock, paper, and scissors. Nines argues that in the realm of modern music the relations among art, commerce and politics are something like that game; each has some strong power over one another, but, at the same time, is vulnerable too third (Nines, 1992, p. 1). Nonetheless while power in the game is absolute and unidirectional; paper covers rock, rock breaks scissors, and scissors cuts paper; however, power in the music world, varies in both magnitude and direction.While asserting that in American society, art validates money, money regulates politics, and politics defines art, Nines suggests that there are exceptions to the rules and ways in which contradictory relationships can also be argued. The history of music that Nines proposes is the tale of a stormy relationship between art, commerce, and politics (Nines, 1992, p. 1). It provoked trouble right from the start in all three of these areas, and still does (Nines, 1992, p. 1). Art, commerce, and politics; these three are necessary for the understanding the development and history of music.To add a Christian element to the mix of art, commerce, and politics means to add to it equally problematic tensions that epitomize modern Christianity. This creates a whirlwind of conflict, a stormy relationship, indeed. Contemporary Christian Music Contemporary Christian music is a genre that merges two distinct musical streams; the safe, acceptable church music on one hand and rock and roll on the other. Each component continues to exist independently of contemporary Christian music, and yet their paths continue to cross as they evolve.Rock and roll continues to influence the styles found in contemporary Christian sic, which continuously alters the landscape of church music as well. Contemporary Christian music began in the late sixties and seventies with a folk-pop sound like James Taylor. The genre today is applied to most styles of contemporary popular music. Christian heavy metal, Christian rap, Christian new age, and Christian alternative rock can be found lining the shelves at your local music store under the label contemporary Christian. The name Contemporary Christian itself does not imply a certain style Of music, but labels the message that it contains.Music that contains lyrics about Jesus Christ or other Christian references are labeled Christian contemporary while music that does not is simply called secular. Does contemporary Christian music violate tradition? Contemporary Christian music has not cultivated without opposition. Critics in the church, the music industry, and even amongst the fans raised moral objections. The most frequent and basic objection came from moralists within the church. They argued that rock and roll with Christian lyrics was an abomination, and should not, in good conscience be played by Christians.The line of thought from these fundamentalist Christians follows the theory that sock and roll music is evil and that rock music drives people into sexual frenzies. These were some of the assumptions that fueled the objections of a well-known Christian leader named Jimmy Swaggers. In his book Religious rock n roll: a wolf in sheeps clothing, Swaggers states, The new so-called contemporary Christian music is incompatible with true Biblical Christianity. Emphatically state that its impossible to touch anyones heart with contemporary music. The sounds are weird, strange, and odd; correspondent to the minds of the individuals who relate to this type of music. (Swaggers, 1987, p. 35) The emphasis that Swaggers places on the music, rather than the lyrics In contemporary Christian music validates his opinion that it is the beat of the music that is evil. Swaggers, being a prominent Christian leader applies his Biblical worldview to music, not condemning music altogether. On the contrary, he is well known for his active musical ministry, recording over 50 Gospel albums, selling approximately 15 million recordings worldwide (Swaggers, 2011).He is a very gifted musician, and uses his gifts to glorify the Lord through what this paper refers to as church music. Comparing Garrets style of gospel music to anthropometry Christian music is like comparing apples to slightly different flavored apples. In his mind, however, it is enough of a difference to apply his Christian worldview, condemning it as anti-Christian. Ironically enough, if you were to look for his albums amongst the shelves of your local music store, you would find them in the contemporary Christian music section.Although he would certainly disagree that he should be placed in a special section labeled church music. Garrets statements are not completely subjective. His opinions are based in scripture, for instance, Dont copy the behavior and customs of this world, but let God transform you into a new person by changing the way you think (Romans 12:12). This verse, when applied through Garrets Christian worldview towards music, tells us that music that is of this world, or contemporary society, is not something that we should openly accommodate. This is only a partial application of the verse. If you look at the second part, it can be reasoned that God can transform your thinking about contemporary music, changing said music altogether. If changing contemporary music involves applying the transformations God has instilled, then it becomes something altogether different. It remains contemporary, but becomes about Him. Swaggers does not agree with this application of scripture to music, it does not fit within the bounds of his Christian worldview. What do the Scriptures say? When searching for the truth about contemporary Christian music we must first look at the primary source for all truth, which is Scripture.Wilkins and Sanford point out that Scripture is the foundation for any Christian worldview. They go on to state, Scripture is the first place we look and the final court of appeal in shaping a Christian worldview (Wilkins camp; Sanford, 2009, up. 210-211). While searching scripture for verses that pertain to music, it IS plain to see that God is a lover of music. Come, let us sing to the Lord! Let us shout joyfully to the Rock of our salvation (Psalms 9511). In this verse, the author associates singing and shouting; two very different sounds, but both done unto the Lord as a form of praise. Shout to the Lord, all the earth; break out in praise and sing for joy! Sing your praise to the Lord with the harp, with the harp and melodious song, with trumpets and the sound of the rams horn. Make a joyful symphony before the Lord, the King! (Psalm 98:4-6) The author on this passage sings praises accompanied by musical instruments, including the harp, trumpets, and even a rams horn. Compare the music of the harp to that of the other two. The harp is soft, soothing, quiet music. The trumpet is loud and high-pitched.The rams horn is low and throaty, emitting more of a groan than a note. These three instruments have exceptionally diverse sounds. In this text, all three are used to make a joyful symphony in praising the Lord. Praise him for his mighty works; praise his unequaled greatness! Praise him with a blast of the rams horn; praise him with the lyre and harp! Praise him with the tambourine and dancing; praise him with strings and flutes! Praise him with a clash of cymbals; praise him with loud clanging cymbals. Let everything that breathes sing praises to the Lord! Praise the Lord! Psalms 150:2-6) These verses portray a vast array of instruments being used in praising the Lord. The author praises using the rams horn, the tambourine, strings and flutes, a clash of cymbals, and loud clanging cymbals. With the addition of dancing, this Psalm sounds more like a rock concert than old seasoned church music! These scriptures describe vocal effects and instruments that are used in creating the beat of the music. And by the very nature of these instruments themselves, they gravitate toward a faster paced tempo that foreshadows modern contemporary Christian music.The Bible is packed full of these scriptures, dozens in the book of Psalms alone, all pointing to a general conclusion; God loves music! He loves a melodious choir, harmonize in perfect pitch singing gospel hymns. He doesnt mind if the Sunday morning singing is a little off-key, as long as it is making a joyful noise. Whether it be shouting unto the Lord, dancing in the isles, shaking a tambourine, blowing a horn, either made of metal, or even a real animal horn! He loves all of out attempts at giving him p raise on Sunday morning.But it doesnt stop there I will praise the Lord at all times. Will constantly speak his praises (Psalms 34: 1), he wants us to praise Him all the time, not just on Sunday morning, and not just in our church music. Is contemporary Christian music reasonable? Scripture provides truth, which is a very important factor in developing a Christian worldview. However, a Well-rounded Christian worldview needs to ring all reality under its scrutiny, our rational capacities must be employed to gather and analyze this information (Wilkins ; Sanford, 2009, p. 11). In this paper it has already been determined that contemporary Christian music is, in fact, music. It has also been proven through scriptures that God loves all music. Logic dictates that since God loves all music, and contemporary Christian music is music, then reason proves that God loves contemporary Christian music. Using that same logic, however, since God loves all music, is it necessary to use all music in praising Him? Reason says o, God is praised in the simplest shout onto Him; therefore there is no need in variety of music styles.Not in Gods eyes anyhow. We are the reason for the diversity in music. Our culture, our talent, even our age plays an important factor in how we choose to praise God. He does not require this of us, human nature with all its variables does. Thinking reasonably, since each one Of us is different, and each one Of us created with our own free will, then each one of us may choose to interact differently with our Lord. People that love the beat and rhythm of a particular kind of music will naturally be drawn o that style of music in their worship. If they really are praising God with their hearts, then God listens more to their attitude of worship more then to the beat of the drums. What does experience say? Experience is a term that requires careful definition because it involves ones personal feelings (Wilkins Sanford, 2009, p. 213). Researching this subject is nearly impossible, because it involves my personal experiences, which may or may not fit with someone elses worldview. My experience with contemporary Christian music dates back to 1991. I was fifteen years of age, and I was infatuated with rock music, specifically heavy teal rock music.This genre of music, in my young grasp of understanding, was not the kind of music you would want your parents catching you listening to. In fact, on several occasions recall my father destroying cassette tapes that he found to be objectionable. At this point in time, my worldview was not yet grounded in Christianity, so to me this secular style of music was acceptable. I cannot remember whom, but someone gave me a copy of an album containing the music of a band named Deliverance. It was the very same kind of music that loved to listen to, but the lyrics were different.The title track Weapons of our Warfare (Brown, 1990) was a paraphrase of Second Corinthians 104-5. This music was definitely contemporary, but it unashamedly described the carnality of man and the strength that can be gained by trusting in God. This music spoke to me in a revolutionary way, causing my whole worldview to change regarding music. I still listened to the music that I loved, however that music now had purpose, it wasnt just entertainment, it was teaching me the truths about Christianity. My relationship with the Lord grew because Of contemporary Christian music, and still does to this very day. Eve used contemporary Christian music as a witness tool; many conversations were sparked based on the lyrics of music was listening to in public, conversations that never would have happened had been listening to secular music. I have felt the warmth of the Holy Spirit while worshiping in church to contemporary Christian music. I know, without a doubt, that God has taken delight in praises that I have sung to Him using contemporary Christian music as a tool of worship. My worldview on modern music (Summary) Traditionally, music is a complicated mixture of art, politics, and commerce.Contemporary Christian music adds the dynamic Of a Christian undertone to this music. Contemporary Christian music is a very emotional, and sometimes controversial combination, often dividing sides between pro- and anti- contemporary Christian listeners. Scripture reinforces that God is a lover of all kinds of music, and all kinds of musical instruments. All are called to praise Him in all their undertakings, including musical expression. He does not differentiate praises because of their accompaniment musical style. If worship is sincere, then he will receive it in whatever form it is delivered.Logically speaking since all people are created differently, yet all are created with free will; plausibly all are attracted to different styles of music. Since God created mankind to be that way, He should expect those styles to manifest in the types of praise and worship that He receives. Experience shows that contemporary Christian music is not only an object to be examined though a Christian worldview; it is a tool, which can shape ones pre-existing Christian worldview. It can be a seed that helps to sprout new Christians and help believers witness to those in need of Salvation.

Social Media Book Radical Marketing

Question: Discuss about the Social Media Book for Radical Marketing? Answer: Micro environmental audit - SWOT analysis Strengths Weaknesses There is a wide gamut of products available for sale Asian and European markets have huge potentials Access to competitors operational. market and financial statements Competitors also have a wide range of products to offer Competitors also opportunities of exploiting huge potentials of the market (Hopkins and Turner, 2012) Presence of a large number of competitors and products lead to market saturation Opportunities Threats There are opportunities of forecasting future trends in terms of selling price, sales revenue and profit margins There are opportunities of modifying strategies and activities as per market forecasts (Hill and Rifkin, 1999) Competitors intentions and activities can be anticipated to a considerable extent Product designs can be modifies as per market outlooks and changing needs and requirements of customers Future market trends can be anticipated on the part of the competitors Competitors can modify objectives and strategies according to future market trends Competitors may try to get access of well established markets Product designs can be easily imitated and copied Macro environmental audit - PESTEL analysis Factors Explanation Political European and Asian countries are politically stable and encourage free trade. This in turn provides market development opportunities. Economic With the global economy recovering from recession at a considerable pace, consumers of Europe and Asia now have more disposable income in their hands. This in turn provides opportunities of increasing sales, profit margins and market share of the company (Hopkins and Turner, 2012). Interest rates vary from country to country and have direct impact on production costs and long term profit. Hence, it is an imperative to analyze interest rates at frequent intervals throughout the year so that appropriate pricing decisions can be taken. Social Social and cultural aspects of Asia and Europe are different to a great degree and have their respective influences on the purchasing behaviors of the customers. Product development and designing need to take in to consideration, these cultural differences so as to avoid degradation in perceives value. Technological Technological factors associated with Europe and Asia depicts that both Asian and European consumers are fond of high battery life and compact design. Customers of Europe prefer photo and video features and premium display features and customers of Asia prefer additional memory, security and navigation features (Hopkins and Turner, 2012). Due to prevailing cultural differences, designs need to be selected on the basis of specific preferences of customers of these two nations. Environmental Environmental considerations are important both in Europe and Asia and have become one of the parameters of judging organizational reputation. Hence, in order to increase brand value and reputation, participation in CSR activities is an imperative (Greenberg, 2010). Legal There are certain differences in the legal rules and regulations prevailing in the countries that constitute Asia and Europe in context to manufacturing and selling business. These differences in legal aspects need to be taken in to considerations and appropriate strategies are required to be developed on the basis of the differences. Critical success factors Critical success factors Explanations Pricing efficiency Competitive advantage can be successfully attained by charging high price against superior quality. Prices are charged as per demand and supply dynamics prevailing in the Asian and European market (Sovany, 2011). Cost management efficiency Efficient cost management strategies in the forms of management of cash and inventories are to be formulated and implemented irrespective of the sales and profit margin figures. Cash management initiatives include safe keeping of cash and bank reconciliations Inventory management initiatives include. Market research Market research is to involve better understandings regarding market trends on an yearly basis (Bodner and Cohen, 2012) Market research is done in such a way that marketing, advertisement, production and R D costs can be estimated in more or less accurate manners Competitive advantage Competitor advantage can be attained in an effective and efficient manner through improved customer service during and after sales. This can also be done through lengthy warranty periods, increased frequency of price reductions and innovative sales promotion and advertisement initiatives Market planning Planning elements Aims Objectives Performance indicators R D Quality improvement simultaneously with cost management through improving economics of scale Making an investment of 200000 towards research and development initiatives Market share and sales revenue figures Product Production of a range of products with specific magnitudes of quality for catering to a range of customers Making an investment of 150000 towards new product development Low to high end customer satisfaction levels (Rowles, 2008) Marketing Putting innovative marketing and promotional strategies for gaining competitive advantage (Pasqua and Elkin, 2013) Making an investment of 800000 towards marketing and promotional campaigns and social media engagement Market penetration and expansion levels Finance Concentrating expenses on sales promotion and savings on fixed costs Improvement in net profit margin from 5% to 10% within the current year Share price levels Marketing strategy Product name Product strategy Pricing strategy Positioning strategy Promotion strategy Product 1 This product was introduced in the European and Asian market as a high end product and targeted towards high end customers. All the features included in this product are of superior quality (Safko, 2010) This product was initially over priced in the European market and the same has later been brought down to good value price. In Asian market, a premium price is charged against this product due to lesser degree of market saturation Positioned as premium quality for premium customers Social media, promotional campaigns television and newspapers. Product 2 This product was first introduced as a mid range product and later converted to low end product with modifications in certain features. This product has got highest sales. The product was launched at a mid range supporting price and later price was reduced so as to keep pace with increasing demand and to cater to the needs and to cater to the needs and requirements of low end customers. Positioned as value for money for valuable customers Social media, television and newspapers. Product 3 This product was also a mid range product initially in both European and Asian markets and later converted to low end product through some feature based changes. This product contributes to second highest sale The price of this product was reduced from that of its initial launch in both with a view to satisfy low end customers (Sovany, 2011). Positioned as price less features at price less value Social media and television. Product 4 This again a premium product with premium features and price and targeted towards households of Europe and Asia. The price of the product was kept premium with no reductions. Premium prices have been maintained both in Asian and European market. Positioned as cutting edge technology for premium customers Social media, promotional campaigns television and newspapers. Product 5 This product has been featured again as a mid range product in both the markets. The price of this product has been kept slightly higher in Asia owing to the fact that market growth rate in Asia is slightly higher than in Europe Positioned as affordable by all payable by all . Social media, newspapers and television. Product 6 This product was launched as a good value product in both Asia and Europe. This product has been launched targeting the households and specifically to gain competitive advantage in the market. The price of this product has been kept to the level of mid range so that the same can provide tough competition to the rivals are the rivals are forced to reducing prices (Sovany, 2011). Positioned as love your phone, love your money. Social media, promotional campaigns and television. References Bodnar, K. and Cohen, J., 2012. The B2B social media book. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Greenberg, P., 2010. CRM at the speed of light. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hill, S. and Rifkin, G., 1999. Radical marketing. New York, N.Y.: HarperBusiness. Hopkins, J. and Turner, J., 2012. Go mobile. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Pasqua, R. and Elkin, N., 2013. Mobile marketing. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Rowles, D., 2008. Mobile marketing. Safko, L., 2010. The social media bible. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Sobhany, R., 2011. Mobilize. Philadelphia: Vanguard Press.

Scarlet Essays (520 words) - English-language Films,

Scarlet Letter By Hawthorne In this story Hester was an adulteress and had to wear a scarlet letter because she wouldn't admit to whom she had the affair with. Her daughter was Pearl and her father was Dimmesdale. They lived in Salem, Massachusetts in times of Puritans so the sin of having an affair was unacceptable. Dimmesdale was a Reverend and he wanted Hester to admit the affair, but she would not. Her husband, who was assumed dead, was Chillingworth and he figured out who the father was and he wanted revenge. He tried to drive Dimmesdale crazy, but it didn't work. Finally in the end Dimmesdale announced after his sermon that he was the father of Pearl, then he died shortly after. Pearl and Hester went back to England and Hester continued to wear the scarlet letter on her chest. I found Hester to be the most intriguing character in this story. She accepted that she had sinned and took the punishment without looking for a way out. She could have easily admitted who the father was and she wouldn't have been subject to the scorn of the townspeople, but she took it. She was punished all of her life and I do not think that she should have had to deal with that all of her life. She had to deal with her daughter who was somewhat of a brat. Finally she got some of the respect that she deserved, people came to her for advice. The conflict of the story was the act of adultery. Even today it is an issue, though some people make more a big deal about it than is needed. In the times of Puritans this was one of the worst sins that one could commit. Another conflict was that Chillingworth tried to get revenge throughout the whole story. He kept on fighting to get even with Dimmesdale, he tried to drive him crazy, but it never worked. The theme of this story is sin and who had the greater sin. They all sinned, but it is anyones opinion whose sin was worse. I think that Chillingworths was the worst, he had nothing to do with the affair, but he felt the need to get even. I think that Dimmesdale should have had to be shunned by the town just as Hester was, even though he tried to make it fair to him. I think that Hester should not have had to live with that kind of guilty conciense, it wasn't fair because she had to live with Pearl everyday. She was reminder enough of what happened and she didn't help with the situation any. In my opinion I liked the plot of the story, but I did not care for his style of writing. He wrote with very large vocabulary. He could have made it easy to understand, it doesn't even sound natural. I would like to see the movie because it would be easier to understand. I read this a while ago so not everything is very fresh in my mind, and there are parts that I did not understand. I think that it is better to come out right away with your sin, even though I wouldn't if I did that. I also think that you should not be judged based on your sins.

Whos Home And Native Land Essay Example For Students

Whos Home And Native Land? Essay Whos Home And Native Land?Over the past decades, Aboriginal people (the original people or indigenous occupants of a particular country), have been oppressed by the Canadian society and continue to live under racism resulting in gender/ class oppression. The history of Colonialism, and Capitalism has played a significant role in the construction and impact of how Aborignal people are treated and viewed presently in the Canadian society. The struggles, injustices, prejudice, and discrimination that have plagued Aboriginal peoples for more than three centuries are still grim realities today. The failures of Canada’s racist policies toward Aboriginal peoples are reflected in the high levels of unemployment and poor education. Presently, the state shapes the construction and social reproduction of racism, racialization, and sexism as experienced by Aboriginal people in Canada. We will write a custom essay on Whos Home And Native Land? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Colonialism is a process by which European power takes control over and dominates and exploits an indigenous group by appropriating their land and resources, extracting their wealth, and using them as cheap labor. In Canada, the British evaded the Aboriginals (indigenous people), with their vision of creating a capitalist society. The vision was to have Aboriginal people produce commodities off their own land in return for goods. -Thus began slavery in Canada. Sometimes, merchant capital often had to use force to transform pre- capitalist societies in order to introduce commodity relations and production. â€Å" It was important to merchant capital that the existing pre-capitalist relations of production be reinforced and perpetuated in order to guarantee the required production of goods. Traditional relations of production continued, not in their independent form, but as a new form of relations of production incorporated into capitalist relations of exploitation.† (Bourgeault, 43). The British were interested in the production and circulation of fur as a commodity in the world market and were in need of labor. The Indians were the only available source of skilled labor, so they became part of the production process. From Colonialization, Capitalism came which resulted in the disintegration of communal and egalitarian societies that the indigenous created, which in turn, became the exploited labor force in the commodity production. European ethnocentrism and racism also affected patterns of Aboriginal socialization. Since most whites viewed all aspects of indigenous life to be culturally and morally inferior, missionaries made efforts to eliminate the egalitarianism customs of Aboriginal societies and to promote the norms of the dominant European patriarchal society. The perceived differences between men and women led to cultural genocide. Capitalism is an economic and social system that focuses on pursuit of profit. It has also involved the presence of exchange of goods for money or other goods, and the organization of production and distribution of goods . One example of this is the Hudson’s Bay fur trade. â€Å" The fur trade of the Hudson’s Bay basin initially transformed the i ndigenous communal societies in order to exploit Indian labor in the commodity production of fur† (Bourgeault, 41). Capitalism uses market relations (including class relationship) â€Å"†¦Capitalism centered in the Red River Colony, class and race divisions established intensified. The conflict between the indigenous bourgeoisie aligned with other Indian and Metis producing classes and the British merchant class over the accumulation of capital .. (Bourgeault, 42)†. Capitalism could be seen as the dawn of active racism and segregation. When British colonies invaded in Native people of Canada, the classification of humans into race types was begun causing the exploitation of the indigenous. The Aboriginal people were eventually turned into slaves so that the colonies would gain more profit. They were also segregated and put into their own communities to learn their new patriarchal life. Racialization is the idea that race relations do not exist, but focuses on whyce rtain relations between groups become defined by reference to race. Racializationrefers to patterns of interaction that reflect perceptions of biological differences toaccount for differences and similarities. It also entails the idea that certain ideas oractivities become linked with race. Aboriginals are racialized by Canadians, in that theyare invested with negative biologically determined attributes that are seen as creating problems, posing a threat to society, and providing unwanted competition for scarce resources. In the seventeenth century, fur and land would be considered to be a threat to wanted scarcities by the British and their colonies. An example of a more current involvement of the Canadian government over land would be the dispute of the Meech Lake Accord in Oka, Quebec. Presently, Canadians are fighting for sacred land that belongs to the Aboriginals. .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8 , .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8 .postImageUrl , .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8 , .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8:hover , .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8:visited , .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8:active { border:0!important; } .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8:active , .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8 .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uefbc442776a7ec0669edf8092d4568d8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Courage in Individuals in On Being Seventeen, T EssayRacism can be traced to the mercantilist period of European capitalist development, as well as gender oppression. Both origins can be traced to pre-capitalist societies and the rise of class divisions. Proceeding the exploitation of relations of class and oppression, racial oppression began. â€Å" Racism is an ideology and as such it operates on the level of the extra-economic. The nationalist ideology as it became tightly meshed with the social and economic interests of rising capitalism† (Bourgeault, 45). As the communal society slowly faded by British domination, women began to feel the gender oppression. A la ck of egalitarianism made many women severely disadvantaged. Negative images make it difficult to recognize the positive contributions of Aboriginal women to community life and social change. Those who lost status because of marriage to non-Aboriginal males have been penalized through the deprivation of Indian rights. As a result, women lost the decision-making powers they had over their labor and the use if the goods they produced. Today, Aboriginal women are the most victimized group in Canadian society. These women had to confront all forms of discrimination (gender, race, and class). Law established by sexist white men, determined the new patriarchal identity of native women. Economically, native women are more vulnerable than non- Aboriginal women are, and aboriginal men in relation to levels of income and employment opportunities. The religious organizations entering Canada had two primary goals: One was to Christianize the Natives and the other, to educate the Natives.  "Protestantism, with its emphasis on work as well as faith, was much more destructive of Native culture. Since the Protestant missionaries focal point was Western Canada, there were repeated attempts to agriculturalize the Natives and force them to settle into established Native communities† (Frideres, 88). By doing this, the Natives were forced to assimilate into European culture, which caused oppression and the disintegration of their culture and society. The state has a great impact on society and norms because it influences public opinion through policy and legislative procedures. Membership is defined on the basis of birthright and descent from a common ancestry. Through the Canadian Charter of rights, the state is supposed to represent, support, and protect communities that suffer from racial discrimination by giving them access and equity. Although the state is said to protect everyone equally, and not to discriminate on the basis of race, equal rights should mean equal opportunity. It also defines ideologies of social constructs, which can be used as a means to cause intentional racialzed and class. The state is a powerful tool used in the Canadian government. It can be utilized to oppress others (such as Aboriginal people), by carrying institutional and systematic racism throughout the Canadian society. This would explain the unequal balance of resources and opportunity that Native Canadians have. Native people occupy a low soc io-economic position in Canadian society: â€Å"†¦the average income of Natives is less than one-fourth the average income of non-Natives†¦Estimates of unemployment rates for Native people job run between 35-77 percent† (Friederes, 80). One major cause of poverty is lack of education, which is due to the fact that most educated Natives do not find a well paying job after graduation thus, starting a learned helplessness among the community. Aboriginal people living in Canada have a vastly different worldview from the typical Canadians surrounding them. Given the cultural genocide that took place by the British colonies, Canadians are unlikely to increase their understanding of Aboriginal culture. The problem is that non-Native people too often control Aboriginal identity and the state reinforce their cultural oppression by allowing society to discriminate. For the past three centuries, Aboriginal people have been oppressed by the Canadian society and continue to live under racism resulting in oppression. As discussed above, the histories of Colonialism, and Capitalism has played a significant role in the construction and impact of how Native people are treated in modern Canadian society. As a result of the British invasion of Canada, the colonies that forced in the Aboriginal people into assimilation gave much grief that is reflected in their lives today. Presently, the state continues to shape the construction and social reproduction of racism, Racialization, and sexism as experienced by Aboriginal people in Canada through institutional and systematic racism. Today the failures of Canada’s racist policies toward Aboriginal peoples are reflected in the high levels poor education, unemployment, and culture oppression. Which poses the question: Canada: Whose home and native land?Sociology Issues

Leadership Styles in Organizations with Different Age Groups

Leadership Styles in Organizations with Different Age Groups What is Leadership? Today it is apparent that leaders must embark on the journey of searching for, and understanding true leadership styles due to the current trends of employment in the organizations, that consists of diverse age groups. There is need for finding different styles to fairly deal with this developments in the discipline of management, which seem to be surrendering its role to that of leadership.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Styles in Organizations with Different Age Groups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The style of leadership is a main concern over employees’ and eventually organization’s performance. Every great team such as a winning sports team or a sales team in an organization has a performing leader steering its activities. High performing organization requires an equally performing and strong leadership style. This paper forms a critical analysis of various aspect or styles of leadership through a thorough exploration of the theories and applications utilized in leading diverse groups of personnel especially different age groups. The application includes the characteristics or models used for measuring leadership styles and strategies. Recognizing leadership Leadership is guidance or assistance procedures mainly concern with the way people create rapport, communicate and live by the significances for life (Hargreaves, 2003). According to Hargreaves (2003), for a leadership style to be effective, it is imperative to share those values. The process of leadership in an organization made up of different age groups is considerably complex due to the high expectations people place over the issues concerning their need and the differences in believes, synergy or energy levels, expectations, experiences, and technological advancements among other aspects. The age differences bring about superimposing of the mentally modelled aspects, thus placing ve ry high expectations and challenges to a leadership style. Arguably, the leadership style has a reciprocating nature; where by the leader has needs, and the followers have their own different requirements with the expectation that the leader meets them. In most instances, the leadership style fails because these needs lack measurable elements or factors to meet expectations. The adherents to a chosen style of leadership have a quality control perspective, which makes this aspect of leadership very critical in the organization. Good leadership avails chances of interactive participation of all members in the organization regardless of their age by categorizing issues with respect to matters of concern.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Miller (2008), this is a healthy leadership approach because it enables the employees and other members of the organizati on to critic or compels the leaders with competitive views and opinions, of which is important for the organizational goals since they assist in validation and keeping the leader in a lane of reality. In line with MacMillan, (2000) dynamic dialogue cools any conflicting contemplations and maintains the cooperation between the involved parties. Literature review Position of leadership styles in the organization One key factor that is evident today is the need to search for and understand leader. The main reason behind the abolition of the eminent traditional styles of administration concerns presentation. These performance levels are unattainable only when the involved groups lack trust of their leaders. Trust is a pre-requisite aspect of leadership that call for those in charge to portray honesty and show concern or care for their followers’ needs and thoughts, but at the same time make certain that they remain accountable over their deeds (Booyeen, 2008). Secondly, the leade r ought to honour commitments and pronouncements. Respect is an inevitable aspect of leadership in which case the leader ought to respect the opinion of others regardless of their age and respond to their requests amicably and respectably owing to the thought that differences of opinion is an eminent sign of progress. Lastly, it is important for the leaders to have a set of values, which their followers can identify with or connect to such as courageousness, reliability, integrity, competence, honesty, altruism, and fairness (MacMillan, 2000). According to Hargreaves (2003), trust is like a pillar that runs through every aspect of leadership thus ensuring its success. People will take a considerable amount of time to trust and thus the leader should have great consistent efforts over honest style of leadership. Distinction between leadership and management Any organization needs both a leader and a manager. The managers dominate most of the governance styles. The main differences li e between various supreme approaches to services. Managers have a value of results while leaders value relationships among members. There is high regards over positions in management while this is not evident in leadership. The leaders take reputed high risks compared to the managers and are personal, caring and avoid copying the rules of others (Heifetz, 2004). On the other hand, the manages will often conform to existing rules and want to ensure protection of the status quo over change, thus making the leaders more innovative and ready to change for the better (Heifetz, 2004). The leaders’ style of guidance is non-functional thus inspiring and motivational compared to the management style of functionally analyzing, evaluating and solving problems from a personal perspective.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Styles in Organizations with Different Age Groups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The lead ership hierarchy restrains the flow of unnecessary information, poor policies of the firm, agendas that conflict governance as well as pressures for the need to conform thus making the style incredibly difficulty over the provision of overall directions (Mathias et al, 2007). According to Heifetz (2004), the issues of leadership in organizations have revolutionized due to introduction of different age groups, and therefore the reference of leadership made over the decades concerning the ability to hold top management positions has become obsolete. Today the top management positions and their functions are still in common usage, but current trends indicate that people have discoveries concerning the distinction between managers and leaders. The process of exercising leadership skills, styles and qualities has a different meaning of providing a vision and influence of those led into realization of coexistence and sharing of thoughts. Probably from the analytical or professional point of view, it is possible to define the leadership style of governance in two ways. First is the ability to have considerations of various aspects in the organization such as age, gender, performance, experience and energy differences, characterized by an emphasis over good relations. In this situation, the leader is a good listener who is approachable and friendly. This style entails openness thus enlisting the mental trust among those involved. Secondly is the ability to engage a leadership behaviour that directs an organization and assists in defining goals, structure and style of execution (Hargreaves and Goodson 2004). Functions of leadership A leader is able to perform various functions of the organizational such us selecting people to make up the organizational structure, units or segments that control the flow of information in and out of the organization. It also entails the ability to make ensure certain group participation in a knowledgeable manner. The second function invo lves the interpersonal characteristics, which create good working morale within the organization. The leader ought to indicate a good degree of concern about humanness and pay attention to the follower’s concerns over the leadership or other organizational aspects.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lastly is the decisional function, that one mainly engages to give the impression of searching for the decisions regarding achievements of goals. According to Pride et al (2009), this is a traditional perspective that is all along associable to leadership and remains utilized to date. These functional points of view define leadership and the most crucial or hard part of leadership. Leadership entails the ability to create a compelling vision and style reshaped by future perspectives. According to Heifetz (2004), the leader does the guidance tasks through the visions or ultimate powers accorded for the processes to be successful. Those involved must also act as a team. The most critical task of a leader is the ability to focus attention. This person is involved too much with the aspects of deciding over a limited period. Every time or day involves a fresh crisis requiring a solution. How the attention is subdivided determines the continuity of the organization. For instance, the lead er cannot focus on the current tasks and ignore the future aspects or consequences that can affect the organization. Those problems, concepts, ideas or actions that receive the attention determine the sustainability of the organization. In line with Clack (2008), a good definition of leadership may be the ability to determine the aspects of the organization that receives focus or attention at any given time. Otherwise, one considers the number of concerns receiving the concentration over a specific period. Practical Implications Current trends of leadership styles Today the technological change has made the organizations to become more dynamic and therefore the leadership styles of focusing attention has equally become vibrant, on-going and very important procedures. The leadership style that attracts the attention of others requires the leader to aim at being in focus over other’s attention. The leader’s values must be of substantive worth. It is important for a leade r to have good solid knowledge and approaches to combat the organizational differences as well as engage continuous and alternative choices that steers organization forward in terms of development (Hargreaves and Goodson 2003). Arguably, one of the most fundamental issues concerning leadership involves the ability to communicate effectively. A good leader must be in a position of convincing people on how to focus on the ideas perceived to be important and developmental and cater for each group. The methods and styles of communication lack good definition in most organizations. Every leader has a personal way of pronouncement, which varies from formal to casual in both written and spoken forms. The main aim eventually is the consistency and ability to attract attention and peoples’ actions. Today the successful leaders realize that there exists no single method of behaving. The leaders must read a group’s situation and come up with the most appropriate leadership behavi oral pattern to combat the situation at hand. This is the only right and most appropriate procedures for the leaders because it enables the groups involved to fit the competency level. Leadership styles have a close connection to behavior. In the assessment of a groups leadership needs, there is need to translate skills to communicative behavior. For instance, if a leader finds that a certain group needs strong guidance, it is then wise to suggest direction, make different assignments, and possibly vet unrealistic suggestions. Leadership skills calls for one to find and balance the member’s thought, support viable decisions, and give authority to act. All the leadership styles have a strong basis on communication, and not skills, experience, lack or personality. The connection between group members brings about cooperation, and unique leadership styles that solve group problem effectively thus making the group to become more effective (Canzer, 2003). A good or efficient group only requires a small, early but strong guidance to become and remain productive. Relationship between leadership and problem solving The social and scientific definition of leadership is the process that involves interpersonal communication to influence an outcome. According to Barton (2000), leadership is symbolic to the human nature of modifying the attitudes and behaviours of people in order to meet organizational goals and needs. Leadership styles therefore involve acts enacted through persuasion or communication as opposed to force. The leadership influences meant to benefit or unite a certain group of people is the small or special group leadership. How does the leader create the positive influences? The leader must have strategies to influence the behaviours of others through communication. The designated leader is appointed or elected to a position, but she/he need to be an emergent leader because of exerting influences towards achievement of group goals. Every person in a group ought to be an emergent leader especially during various group tasks (Barton, 2000). A designated leader has to be acceptable in the group for better outcomes. The group may have shared leadership among members but eventually it is important to have someone responsible for coordination of communication among the members. Leadership through influence A good leader has influence over other. How does one gain the influence? The designated or emergent leader has the ability or power to known the interpersonal influence. The power can be a reward, punishment, legitimate, referent and expert. Leaders can offer the followers the value for their need for them to exercise reward power. The reward value can be material or intangible such as monetary resources, material goods, favours, acknowledgement, complement and special attention. The administration of punishment power occurs through withholding similar favours. Coercion forces compliance with hostile tactics but in most instances breeds to resentment especially when there are age group differences within the organization. Legitimate power enables the leader to perform certain tasks within the group setting, which other members are not in a position to do such as call for the group meetings, analysis of work by the other group members, or preparation of the agendas. Referent power has its basis on the attractiveness, admirable and respectable the leader is to the group. Admiration brings about influence and charisma as an extreme type of referent power, which instigates a feeling of royalty and devotion from others. The more the admiration and respect for the leader, the more influence on the behaviours and power to influence the group. Leaders experience and expert power, when others or the followers value their guidance or admires the leadership styles. Older group members have experience and therefore are in a position to offer expertise guidance in a different age groups setting. In such a scenario, they posses the expert power to guide others, therefore others will value them and one can easily influence their behaviours or acts because of the respect for the knowledge or experience. Regardless of the age differences, all members of an organization have various abilities to influence others. It is possible to reward others because the leadership expertise does not only emanate from the legitimate power (Daft and Marcic, 2008). A widely age diverse group means that there are diverse sources of leadership influences other then the legitimate power. All the members have some degree of influence over each other and the legitimate leader must make use of all the potentials or capabilities to lead. Types of leadership styles or approaches Originally, there was belief that the leadership skills were in-born. The leaders therefore had special traits or characteristics for instance attractiveness, intelligence or size. Today it is evident that these traits are common among many and thus the re exists no special traits for leaders. The leadership styles are mainly the patterns the leaders exhibit in the group setting (Ulrich, 2001). The major styles exhibited for diverse groups include autocratic, democratic or Delegative, Paternalistic, laissez-faire style and free reign styles. The democratic type of leadership encourages members to participate equally on matters concerning the organization such as decision or rule/regulation making procedures. Laissez faire leaders have no initiative to group members and therefore they take no initiative to foster group idea. The autocratic leaders have strict control over group members thus; they require strict follow of the orders to solve problems. Comparing the various styles on current organizational settings, people are more confident in the democratic type of leadership as opposed to autocratic, which bars others from participating. People are better off with a leader who provides solutions to problems as in the autocratic sys tem as opposed to the laissez faire system. In the autocratic groups, members’ performance is excellent when the leader in there, but the member become less aggressive or apathetic when no one is in control. This means that their is a good leadership style for all systems namely democratic because it assists in matching peoples needs and differences to the situation. In line with Ulrich (2001), democracy brings about many changes in the system. Leadership styles in the autocratic and democratic systems Use of Policies and Procedures to Enhance Employee Performance Beside the performance procedures, there are various policies of safeguarding the employees’ presentation, responses and behaviours, such as:- Determining employment related actions and obligations through evaluation to ensure competence and personal satisfaction over the assigned field. Having procedures to design, evaluate and administer performance procedures that ensure unity among the group members with out a reference to their experience or age differences. Having rules that enhance integration of employee retreatment programs as a motivational factor and team building procedure Enhancing ways to monitor and evaluate the conducts and performance of the employees Enforcing procedures for monitoring employees’ relationships by availing ways of getting feedbacks from them regarding the assigned duties Availing employees’ consultation programs regarding their performance expectations as a measure of ensuring safety and required collaboration Ensuring employees’ performance is highly dependent on proper communication and agreements regarding achievements Enforcement of policies to ensure proper, efficient, secure, flexible and accurate ways of data collection for collaborative discussions Ensuring existence of rules to govern maintenance of past and present employees’ performance records and relations Providing regulations that facilitate the employeesâ€⠄¢ negotiations, transactions, and, compliance with the assigned obligations Involving some procedures for rewarding and encouraging engagement Precedence in policies and procedures The democratic regulations standard for an organization fosters applicable employees’ self-management procedures. One of the most important procedures regards performance. Rewarding performance in terms of good workmanship or discipline encourage understanding among employees from different age groups because it shows them the importance of unity. The personnel policy and procedures ought to determine eligibility for performance appraisal and rating performance for satisfaction as a way of enhancing unity. Every employee has governing procedures for expectations specified in the job contracts therefore failure to meet demands or to manage the personal duties could have a link to the group performance. Freedom of the employees may facilitate personal definitions and foster team spirit. Insinuation s for Capacity planning and control In a combination of democratic and autocratic styles as a way of enhancing team performance from people of different age groups in an organization, the leader can implement capacity planning and control as an essential aspect. It entails the research techniques for addressing the issue of scheduling applications, planning the allocation of resources, controlling performance and, having the problem solving techniques in place (Vollmann, 2005). The planning and controlling approaches include optimization techniques for diminishing or maximizing involved elements, to meet the objectives within the operating environment. Employees are thus encouraged to work as a team to meet certain goals. For instance, a big problem is broken down to ease complexity and thus speeds up computation. Decomposing a problem allow efficiency in and ability to handle the uncertainties adequately. Secondly, dynamic approach allows the management to make decisions sequential ly in a multi-stage pattern. A conflict related problem is recursively mirrored to solutions to come up with the most effective conclusion. Teamwork involves decomposition of a complex problem into various sub-problems for individuals to handle and the solutions and eventually enables creation of a sequentially dependent framework indicating the whole problem as one, broken into various parts to enhance unity among employees. Sensitivity analysis The other style of leadership entails sensitivity analysis. The leader has to analyze hypothetically, logically or substantially, the factors that can cause conflicts within the workforce. The definition of this approach is a procedure of examining impacts over changes and their effects as outputs (Dodds, 2008). Leaders have to evaluate reasonable limits for change and the impact on individuals depending on their age differences. This approach determines their viability or validity of an action, thus equally encouraging team performance. Pr obability and risk analysis The democratic style represents a major departure from the main deterministic view of leaders in earlier styles. The analysis has a subjective basis on judgements on correlations along with uncertainties to gauge impacts of conflicts within the organization. Compared to deterministic or fixed-point approaches, the approach offers additional information of chances to determine and range employees’ sensitivity thus avoiding the probability of conflicts. Effects of democracy on organizational rules and regulations Today the issue of employee performance has a strong basis upon organizational policies and procedures as opposed to only the leadership qualities. The nature of these rules or regulations helps in establishing the significance of a task and the importance of ensuring good results. People are naturally opposed to rules that hinder their freedom and are strenuous during performance. Although an integral to effective part of performance, team leadership may be the root course of conflicts in an organization. As Dodds (, 2008) arguments, the most important element of performance is ability to resolve internal conflicts through the leadership styles because disagreements hugely affects team performance. Leaders have the role of facilitating the behavioural change that assists in moulding individual trails into teams to achieve the set goals. In relation to the writing of Dodds (2008), it is necessary to have necessary mechanisms, information and strategies of handling conflicts in the workforce. Future expectations of leadership There is need to create and manage a leadership style that supports a performance management culture. The main and frequently utilized measure of encouraging a performance culture in an organization entails methodologies to encourage employees question and seek guidance through departmental groups, human resource representatives or management. They should participate in decision-making and policy i mplementation procedures especially on matters concerning their performance requirements. This helps in avoiding conflicts during performance especially in situations where there are different age groups. Leadership styles and discipline are the key defining elements for creation and management of a performing culture. Organizational culture is the systematic procedures regarding performance of duties. It is the guide of the employees’ thoughts, actions and feelings. Lack of proper leadership and management on this aspects or performance culture among employees’ calls for perplexity or stymies by some bureaucratic processes and eventually causes conflicts. The organization culture has its basis on discipline, which promotes the decision-making and direct accountability over performance. With such discipline, there are clear expectations and commitments. There has to be management proactive measures to block abstractions of performance such as rewards thus the employees are truly engaged in their duties. Today emphasis on discipline has overthrown ancient style of â€Å"command and control† to enhance recognition of clear boundaries over the lines of duty, flexibility over performance and therefore foster required partnership (Dodds, 2008). Requirements for a disciplined performance Openness and reliance: Existence of a trustworthy environment promotes acceptance, honesty, free interaction, group work, sharing of ideas and comments. This means that the organization is able to derive talents that are more valuable and promote peace and success. Differences in Leadership styles: A good working environment addresses conflicts and exposes the unfulfilled commitments. It provides alternatives and encourages sharing of real opinions. Focus and simplicity: Good policies and procedures are clear and precise. They define the employees’ requirements and expectations that are result driven. The results are mutually understanding, interdepen dence and, positive results. Employees’ strengths: The leader should know and depend on the effectiveness and talents of the staff and implement methods of peacefully eliciting them. This means that the employees focus more on learning and building on their strengths through interactions. Agility, confidence, speed and simplicity of the employee therefore enable them to blend well with others as well as with the vision and mission of an organization. Summary Leadership is arguably a style that entails a pull rather than a push. The leader must realize their strength; have a good grasp of skills and abilities to convene organizational needs such as cultural or age diversities. The leader ought to be in a position of evoking positive opinions and gunner participation besides gaining credibility from the followers. Qualities of a good leadership style involve aspects of self-management, trust, vision and communication. Everyone must aim at becoming leaders at their own capacit ies. It only requires one to have the responsibility of facilitating positive changes from the status quo to a better and more purposeful future. In his writing of leadership without easy answers, Heifetz (2004) provides a great insight over the dynamism of leadership styles. He describes leadership as an adoptive process that requires self believes or values and behaviours that require leaders to engage in a continuous learning process to seek new ways of advancement. This advancement need is the most respectable, valuable but challenging aspect of leadership. Heifetz (2004) believes it is a style of adopting whereby; the leader must stay in touch with current aspects to take risks regardless of the involved pressure. References Barton, R.B. (2000). Organizational Goal Setting and Planning. Murray State University, Murray, KY. Web. Booyens, S.W. (2008). Introduction to Health Service Management. Juta and Company Ltd. South Africa. Canzer, B. (2003). E-Business: Strategic Thinking Practice. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. Clark, D. R. (2008, August 21). Leadership style. Journal of Social Psychology, April 1982, 116, pp. 221-228. Web. Daft, R.L. and Marcic, D. (2008) Understanding Management. Cengage Learning. Dodds, B. (2008, March 31). Pandemic Planning and Business Continuity. Web. Heifetz R A. (2004). Leadership without Easy Answers. London, Harvard University Press. Hargreaves, A. (2003). Teaching in the Knowledge Society. New York, NY: Teachers’ College Publishes. Hargreaves, A. and Goodson, I. (2004). Change Over Time? A Report of Educational Change over 30 years in Eight U.S. and Canadian Schools., Chicago. MacMillan, R. B. (2000). Leadership succession: Cultures of teaching and educational change. New York, NY: Routledge/Falmer Publishers. Mathis, R, L., Jackson, J. H. and Elliott, T. L. (2007). Human Resource Management. Thomson Southwestern Publishers. Miller, C. (2008, May 30). Cultural Diversity is an Opportunity. Web. Pride, W.M., H ughes, J.M. Kappor, J.R. (2009). Business. Kentucky: KY Cengage Learning Publishers. Ulrich, D. (2001). From Partners to Players: Extending the HR Playing Field. Human Resource Management. Vollmann, T. E., Berry, W L., Whybark, Cl. D. (2005). Manufacturing Planning and control systems for supply chain management. New York, NY. McGraw-Hill Publisher/Irwin series.

William the Conqueror essays

William the Conqueror essays William the conqueror was an extraordinary man. He reigned over England from 1066-1087.During this time he achieved many great things. Winning the battle of Hastings, the Domesday book and so on. People described him as a fine soldier a great administrator and NOT a cruel man by the standard of his age. Read on and discover how he seized complete control of England! William the conqueror had spent months preparing all his armour, weapons, boats and training his army. He was going to invade England and kill the new King on the throne, Harold Godwinson, who had taken an oath to give William the throne, but had gone back on his word. As soon as William reached English shores, he began burning everything in sight, so that Harold would race down from wherever he was to try and stop William, but in the process leave half his army behind. On October the 14th the famous battle of Hastings took place. Harolds army were worn out for they had just fought a battle in the North. They were on top of a hill, and had an advantage, because they were keeping a tight shield wall, when all of a sudden they made a fatal mistake! Saxons broke away from the shield wall, and Williams army massacred Harold and his army, showing no mercy. William then seized control of the throne and became King of England, as all Saxon leaders were dead there was no one to stop him. Now, with William on the throne, he had to work fast before the Saxons rebelled. There were 10,000 Normans and a 1,000,000 Saxons. William had to get complete control, and fast. He started by building instant castles all over the country. These were called Motte and Baileys. They consisted of a mound of earth which was the Motte, and on top of this some Normans ( Williams army) lived in a Keep, a wooden kind of castle. The Bailey was flat ground, a kind of village, where Saxons lived. William did this so he could show Saxons who was boss! Stone castles were built late ...

30 Quotes by Aristotle

30 Quotes by Aristotle Aristotle was an Ancient Greek philosopher who lived from 384-322 BCE. One of the most influential philosophers, Aristotles work was the foundational building blocks of all Western philosophy to follow. Courtesy of translator Giles Laurà ©n, author of  The Stoics Bible, here is a list of 30 Aristotle quotations from his Nicomachean Ethics. Many of these may seem like noble goals to live by. They may make you think twice, especially if you dont consider yourself a philosopher, but simply want age-tested ideas on how to live a better life. Aristotle on Politics Politics appears to be the master art, for it includes so many others and its purpose is the good of man. While it is worthy to perfect one man, it is finer and more godlike to perfect a nation.There are three prominent types of life: pleasure, political, and contemplative. The mass of mankind is slavish in their tastes, preferring a life suitable to beasts; they have some ground for this view since they are imitating many of those in high places. People of superior refinement identify happiness with  honor, or virtue, and generally the political life.Political science spends most of its pains on forming its citizens to be of good character and capable of noble acts. Aristotle on Goodness Every art and every inquiry, and similarly, every action and pursuit is thought to aim at some good, and for this reason, the good has been declared to be that at which all things aim.If there is some end in the things we do, which we desire for its own sake, clearly this must be the chief good. Knowing this will have a great influence on how we live our lives.If things are good in themselves, the goodwill appears as something identical in them all, but the accounts of the goodness in  honor, wisdom, and pleasure are diverse. The good, therefore, is not some common element answering to one idea.Even if there be one good which is universally predictable or is capable of independent existence, it could not be attained by man.If we consider the function of man to be a certain kind of life, and this to be an activity of the soul implying a rational principle, and the function of a good man to be the noble performance of these, and if any action is well performed when it is performed in accordance with the appropriate principle; if this is the case, human good turns out to be activity of the soul in accordance with virtue. Aristotle on Happiness Men generally agree that the highest good attainable by action is happiness, and identify living well and doing well with happiness.The self-sufficient we define as that which when isolated, makes life desirable and complete, and such we think happiness to be. It cannot be exceeded and  is, therefore,  the end of  action.Some identify happiness with virtue, some with practical wisdom, others with a kind of philosophical wisdom, others add or exclude pleasure and yet others include prosperity. We agree with those who identify happiness with virtue, for virtue belongs with virtuous  behavior  and virtue is only known by its acts.Is happiness to be acquired by learning, by habit, or some other form of training? It seems to come as a result of virtue and some process of learning and to be among the godlike things since its end is godlike and blessed.No happy man can become miserable, for he will never do acts that are hateful and mean. Aristotle on Education It is the mark of an educated man to look for precision in each class of thing in so far as its nature admits.Moral excellence is concerned with pleasure and pain; because of pleasure we do bad things and for fear of pain we avoid noble ones. For this reason, we ought to be trained from youth, as Plato says: to find pleasure and pain where we ought; this is the purpose of education. Aristotle on Wealth The life of money-making is one undertaken under compulsion since wealth is not the good we are seeking and is merely useful for the sake of something else. Aristotle on Virtue Knowledge is not necessary for the possession of the virtues, whereas the habits which result from doing just and temperate acts count for all. By doing just acts the just man is produced, by doing temperate acts, the temperate man; without acting well no one can become good. Most people avoid good acts and take refuge in theory and think that by becoming philosophers they will become good.If the virtues are neither passions nor facilities, all that remains is that they should be states of character.Virtue is a state of character concerned with choice, being determined by rational principle as determined by the moderate man of practical wisdom.The end being what we wish for, the means what we deliberate about and we choose our actions voluntarily. The exercise of virtues is concerned with means, and therefore, both virtue and vice are in our power. Aristotle on Responsibility It is absurd to make external circumstances responsible and not oneself, and to make oneself responsible for noble acts and pleasant objects responsible for base ones.We punish a man for his ignorance if he is thought to be responsible for his ignorance.Everything done by reason of ignorance is involuntary. The man who has acted in ignorance has not acted voluntarily since he did not know what he was doing. Not every wicked man is ignorant of what he ought to do and what he ought to abstain from; by such errors, men become unjust and bad. Aristotle on Death Death is the most terrible of all things, for it is the end, and nothing is thought to be either good or bad for the dead. Aristotle on Truth He must be open in his hate and in his love, for to conceal ones feelings is to care less for truth than for what people think and that is the cowards part. He must speak and act openly because it is his to speak the truth.Each man speaks and acts and lives according to his character. Falsehood is mean and culpable and truth is noble and worthy of praise. The man who is truthful where nothing is at stake will be still more truthful where something is at stake. Aristotle on Economic Means All men agree that a just distribution must be according to merit in some sense; they do not all specify the same sort of merit, but democrats identify with freemen, supporters of oligarchy with wealth (or noble birth), and supporters of aristocracy with excellence.When a distribution is made from the common funds of a partnership it will be according to the same ratio which the funds were put into the business by the partners and any violation of this kind of justice would be an injustice.People are different and unequal and yet must be somehow equated. This is why all things that are exchanged must be comparable and to this end, money has been introduced as an intermediate for it measures all things. In truth, demand holds things together and without it, there would be no exchange. Aristotle on Government Structure There are three kinds of  constitution: monarchy, aristocracy, and that based on property, timocratic. The best is  monarchy, the worst timocracy. Monarchy deviates to tyranny; the king looks to his peoples interest; the tyrant looks to his own. Aristocracy passes over to oligarchy by the badness of its rulers who distribute contrary to equity what belongs to the city; most of the good things go to themselves and office always to the same people, paying most regard to wealth; thus the rulers are few and are bad men instead of the most worthy. Timocracy passes over to democracy since both are ruled by the majority. Source Laurà ©n, Giles. The Stoics Bible Florilegium for the Good Life: Expanded. Paperback, Second, revised and expanded edition, Sophron, February 12, 2014.

Short Paper - ServeNow Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Short - ServeNow - Term Paper Example In order to facilitate the customers and to earn a dominant position in the market, many entrepreneurs aim at maintaining a chain of their business outlets. However this requires tremendous hard work but if their plan works then it yields numerous rewards not only for the entrepreneur but for all the stakeholders. I, being the small business consultant, Solange De Peres, have already advised my client Bushley, that he needs to hire new mangers as internal recruitment is not possible, because the existing staff does not possess the skills required for the vacant positions. In addition to this, I have also advised my client that he must hire those people who are not acquainted with store operations as this way they will spend more time in learning and gaining the experience with Bushley and will not think of changing their jobs quickly. However this will require a lot of time and efforts from my client in training his managerial force, but this can all be managed with the aid of technological good available in the market. I advise Bushley that he should prepare a detailed training program, explaining clearly about the stores’ operations. The training program should describe thoroughly about the responsibilities of each individual manager and how they could perform the respective tasks. After preparing this program Bushley can record it with the help of professional recording software programs such as Pro-tools or logics. Once the training has been recorded he can either upload it on his website, where all manager can have an individual access to it or he can make his account on YouTube and upload his training programs there. The recording software programs that I have mentioned above are the most widely used programs all over the world. They are extremely capable of catering to these professional needs very well. I recommend that Bushley should also consider the option of video conferencing in training his managerial force. Video

Learning Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

Learning Theories - Essay Example Learning Theories Learning involves various aspects, including motivation, environment, attitudes of learners, and other factors (Ryan, Cooper & Tauer, 2010). In order to promote learning, teachers should look into the different aspects that affect learning. As a teacher, I see to it that learners are well motivated, the environment is conducive for learning, students are relaxed and comfortable, and they receive enough time to rehearse and apply the concepts or skills learned. Putting all these considerations together, I would say that I combine three approaches to learning. These approaches include behaviorism, constructivism, and cognitivism. However, I lay more emphasis on behaviorism because it guides me in my classroom management. There cannot be any learning if a classroom is not managed. Classroom management is one aspect that a behaviorist teacher focuses on. Students have different personalities but when they come to school, they act in uniformity according to the policies and regulations set by the school and its teachers. Establishing classroom rules is thus the first step to a well-managed classroom. Teachers should make it a point to establish rules at the beginning of the year and have them posted. In particular, classroom rules may be memorized by students and recited as part of routines. Rules may be posted on the bulletin board to remind students of their responsibility. In terms of assignments, it is best to make contracts for parents or guardians to sign. There should be an assignment notebook where students will write all their assignments. The teacher signs the assignment page, whether it was completed or not, and students will ask their parents to countersign the page so as to monitor students’ effort in doing their assignments. Practicing routines is another beneficial aspect of the behaviorist classroom. Routines help to make students become organized individuals. Students who learn routines in school will learn to keep a routine at home and eventually, in their professional field. With routines, performance and processes will be perfected. As part of everyday routine, students should greet the teacher and their classmates, check attendance by counting off (each should be assigned a class number), recite classroom rules, and report current news. The re porting of current events should be done in turns, based on the class number. These routine activities are supposed to prepare students for the day ahead, and to condition them to behave the way they should in school. Setting the mood of students is a must in the behaviorist classroom. In every lesson, the teacher should always give students some idea on what to expect for the day. This gets the students in the mood for activities, games, etc. For example, if the teacher says, â€Å"Today, we will play a game.† The students will know how to behave or react, and they will respond accordingly to the situation. If some serious activities need to be accomplished, then the teacher could say, â€Å"